Mathematics Education researchers at the Open University have recently been working on ideas for bringing data education into the school curriculum and making sure it has a good foundation in mathematics, statistics and technology [i].  On 29^th June we held an online event for schools that put some of these ideas into practice.  This was part of our work on the Opening Up Maths project, aiming to encourage more people to consider studying mathematics.

We were particularly inspired by some of the thinking behind the Royal Society’s Mathematical Futures report [ii], such as this statement:

“Future citizens in all walks of life will need generic, transferrable mathematical competence to underpin their occupation-specific techniques and skills, and to support daily life.”

We agree and we think that current citizens also need those mathematical competences.  We know that teachers work hard to give their learners mathematical skills that help them pass their GCSEs and equip them for life.  But, as one of our PhD students (herself a secondary maths teacher) is finding out [iii], teachers also need time and experience to be able to share how maths is used in workplaces outside school.

Our event was designed to support teachers by providing examples that we had designed to work in a school setting.  We used the university’s industrial and academic contacts to invite five speakers to share how they used mathematics to solve a real problem at work, each in a tight 25-minute slot. We advertised the event using our schools network and 25 classes attended remotely during the day, mostly Year 9 or 10.

These are the five topics we covered in 2026, most with a live presenter explaining their work.

 Seeing the maths & stats in Outdoor Activities 🧭 told the story of using maths to work out where to position check-in posts for different routes and times on an outdoor expedition.

Mekelle University, Ethiopia, analysed health data with the OU

Seeing the maths & stats in Healthcare⚕️explained the problem that some pregnant women can find out they have the illness diabetes when it is already too late to take action.  By collecting and analysing healthcare data from nearly 12,000 women, Open University researchers created a mathematical equation and built it into a tool that doctors and mothers can use to predict risks and make decisions much earlier in pregnancy.

Seeing the maths & stats in Publishing 📖 opened our eyes to balancing quality and costs in publishing textbooks and linked the GCSE topic percentage increase with the business idea of percentage profit margin.

Seeing the maths & stats in Chasing Fraud 🥸got us looking at bank statements to identify unusual patterns of spending, and explained the importance of a clear, labelled graph to communicate evidence to a judge and jury.

Finally, Seeing the maths & stats in Supermarkets 🛒 made us think about how supermarket chains decide where to build new supermarkets, and decide which supermarkets are performing well. Being able to read a scatter graph and understand a line of best fit were skills for this kind of work.

One of the most important parts of our session design was that learners would be given time to understand the context and the problem before meeting any mathematics. Our work has emphasised that mathematical and data education cannot simply treat real-world contexts as background to mathematics [iv].  Teenagers are learning about the world as well as using maths in the world.  As The Royal Society report says, “General quantitative literacy includes real world problem solving where understanding the problem, data collection, mathematisation, performing calculations, and communication of results are all important.”

In each online session, there are regular pauses for discussion time with questions for the class to answer. The class teacher organises a short discussion and then types the class’s ideas into the chat.  Feedback from teachers suggests it would be helpful to record the sessions.  Partly this was to allow even more classes to take part and also because they had valued the discussion and would have liked to build this into a full lesson.  We will consider the privacy/safeguarding aspects, and are likely to allow that next year.

If you are interested  in taking part in future events – either as a speaker or as a teacher with your class, do get in touch by emailing our Outreach team at [email protected].

Written by Cathy Smith, working with the OU Maths & Stats external engagement team Kellee Patterson and Ellen Marshall.

Our sources

[i] Kathotia and Smith (2026) https://www.jmc.org.uk/2026/02/12/rapid-review-of-data-education-within-mathematics-5-16/

[ii] The Royal Society (2024)  https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/maths-futures/mathematical-and-data-education-policy-report.pdf

[iii] Kerrison (2025) https://bsrlm.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/BSRLM-CP-45-1-5.pdf

[iv] Smith et al. (2023) https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/maths-futures/intersection-mathematics-data-statistics-computing.pdf

My name is Xinyi, I am queer transmasculine person in my mid 20s . I am working on a Mathematics degree and currently in stage 2, having just finished the M208 module, which has been my favourite module to study so far. I work as chef in my day job, and in my free time I love skating and playing roller derby, enjoying musical theatre and playing videogames.

A photo of Xinyi Lu.

Back in February, I joined a project team investigating the experience of LGBTQIA+ students at the Open University, under the OU virtual internship programme. The team consists of LGBTQIA+ scholars across all faculties within the OU, and I also had the opportunity to work with another lovely student intern, Aimee, on this project. This project was carried out under a ‘students as partners’ approach, as the team felt that it was imperative to continue to listen to student voices throughout their project, and this research approach really resonated with me. The project team is very approachable and supportive, and treated us with a lot of respect, is always willing to listen to our opinions, and our contributions always felt very valuable to the team.

Aimee and I also had the opportunity to present our project at the Advance HE conference in March, which was a valuable learning opportunity. Since the majority of our internship and studies are carried out online, it was very nice to have the opportunity to attend an in-person event, and being in a physical space with many others within the sector who also care deeply about reducing barriers in Higher Education was very encouraging.

From left to right are Dr Ellesar Elhaggagi, Aimee Waterer, Dr Andrew Potter, Dr Leigh Downes, Prof Caroline Derry, and Xinyi Lu.

My motivation to join this project came from a place of wanting to do something for the LGBTQIA+ community, and initially I did not see much relevance between this project and my maths studies. I’ve always enjoyed being involved within the LGBTQIA+ community socially, but I have never considered the ways in which my identity would impact my position in academia before. A big part of this project consists of talking to LGBTQIA+ students and scholars, all of whom has such a varied experience in life and of Higher Education. Having the opportunity to listen to all these intersectional experiences and the chance to work with amazing LGBTQIA+ scholars gave me a chance to reflect on my own position. My journey of studying at the OU so far has been a lot of long hours sitting alone at my desk, while my identity has never been a concern during my studies, this is not the case for a lot of other queer students studying at the OU. There are unique challenges faced by LGBTQIA+ scholars and students, whether these are individuals or structural barriers, and under the current sociopolitical climate, it has never been more important for the LGBTQIA+ community to feel safe and supported. As an institution, the OU strives to remove barriers within education and achieve an inclusive learning environment for its students, and we really hope that our project will help the OU identify where the policy has exceled, and provide recommendations for improvement, so that our fellow LGBTQIA+ students can truly feel safe and well supported.

Fig 1: ‘You are what you eat’ image generated using Generative AI

At one level, perhaps this is obvious – the cells that form our body are created using what we consume. But there’s a lot more to the question. It’s not straightforward to connect what I’ve just eaten for lunch with who I am.  There could be great diversity in what we consume, and the resulting cells, while similar in many ways, can be quite varied and serve very different purposes. And given that this is a mathematics education blog, what may this have to do with mathematics?

In a 2023 report for the Royal Society, Mathematical and data literacy, five OU academics (Smith et al., 2023) suggested that mathematics, statistics, data science and computing could be aligned in terms of posing and solving data-driven problems.

Fig 2: Unifying framework for mathematics, statistics/data science and computing competencies (Smith et al., 2023)

To relate this back to our original question:  we are prodigious consumers of data, which gets progressively digested to yield information and then knowledge (we’ll leave wisdom for another time!) and mathematics plays a fundamental role in how we represent and model these processes, in particular for creating Generative AI. The data- and mathematically-dense processes that power Generative AI provide a substantial challenge and opportunity for STEM education. How do we equip learners so that they can be empowered citizens in this data-driven world, both as producers and consumers of data?

There is substantial inequality in the tools and pathways available to different communities and there can be much variation at local and national levels. In the UK, Scotland has developed a much richer data education curriculum for schools https://dataschools.education/ than the other nations. England is currently undertaking a refresh of its national curriculum, with the aim of publishing a revised ‘world-leading’ national curriculum in 2027. The aspiration is that ‘excellence in maths will provide the problem-solvers of tomorrow’ and that the refreshed curriculum will teach pupils ‘how to use data to complete tasks and solve problems’.

Building on our 2023 report, Cathy Smith and I recently undertook a rapid review (Kathotia & Smith, 2026) of some of the literature on data education. We were commissioned to do this by the Joint Mathematical Council of the UK and the Royal Society, to inform the government’s ambition for an empowering mathematical and data education. Our view is that for data education to work cohesively with mathematics, we need a shift in focus, attending to the role of context, ethics, and uncertainty, in mathematics and beyond. Teachers, students, parents – all of us – need to see and use mathematics not as a subject to determine right or wrong but to pose questions, engage in iterative holistic enquiry, and to support judgements amidst uncertainty, with increasing care, and with awareness of the sources and implications of variation.

In the spirit of posing better questions, a refinement of the title would be, ‘how are we what we eat and why does this matter?’ The focus on what we consume is not about body-shaming or driving a particular consumption agenda but about raising awareness. Of potential implications of our choices and the tools available to us to address these.

A few decades ago, I landed in the US. A fresh-faced immigrant from India in search of knowledge, freedom and wealth. One of the first quintessential American proverbs I was taught is that ‘There ain’t no free lunch’. That may seem out of touch at a time when key tools we use – search engines, social media apps, Generative AI programs –  are free. So an updated variant of the American proverb is, “If lunch is free, then you are the lunch.” Critically, mathematics and statistics are at the heart of these data-driven ‘free’ engines, and can help make transparent the various equivalences and exchanges powering them. Supporting learners in exploring and navigating this interconnected ecosystem, of what we consume and what consumes us, seems imperative and offers an incredible challenge and opportunity for mathematics and statistics educators.

In keeping with the nutrition theme, if you would like a flavour of such educational opportunities, and the shifts we could help bring about, then experiment with the following activity (aimed at 11-13 year olds) from the excellent ProDaBi project in Germany, on classifying food items based on nutritional data (this links to resources in English, introducing data-based decision trees and machine learning).

Fig 3: Grade 6 students enacting ‘apples or popcorn?’ Image:ProDaBi, photo taken by Jens Kupsch

We’ll be following up with a blog about this activity – do join us then for a second helping!

References
Kathotia, Vinay; and Smith, Cathy (2026). Rapid Review of Data Education within Mathematics 5-16. The Joint Mathematical Council, London, UK. Accessed 13 April 2026. https://www.jmc.org.uk/2026/02/12/rapid-review-of-data-education-within-mathematics-5-16/

Smith, Cathy; Kathotia, Vinay; Ward-Penny, Robert; Howson, Oli; and Wermelinger, Michel (2023). Mathematical and Data Literacy: Competencies and curriculum implications at the intersection of mathematics, data science, statistics and computing. The Royal Society. Accessed 13 April 2026. https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/maths-futures/intersection-mathematics-data-statistics-computing.pdf

Magic Maths: Mind-Reading, Number Tricks, and Mathematical Thinking 

Charlotte Lighter and Kellee Patterson 
The Open University at Maths Week Wales 2025 

What do you get when you mix number tricks, curious minds, and a sprinkle of mathematical magic? A room full of excited primary school pupils! 

As part of Maths Week Wales 2025, we ran a public engagement session for primary children across Wales, called Magic Maths. Our session was designed to spark curiosity and mathematical thinking in young learners. The session was full of “think of a number” (THOAN) tricks – those classic puzzles where you follow a series of steps and end up with a surprising result.  

Behind the magic was some serious mathematical thinking, drawn from ideas explored in our very own Open University Mathematics Education modules. 

Your turn! A Magical Number Trick 

Let’s start with a little magic of our own. Try this: 

1. Think of a number between 1 and 9  

1. Square it (multiply it by itself)  

1. Add the number you first thought of  

1. Divide by your original number  

1. Add 17  

1. Subtract your original number  

1. Divide by 6 

We will using magical mind-reading to guess your answer!  

Have a go before scrolling down … (No peeking!)  

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 Your answer is… 3! 

 Did it work? Try it again with a different number. 

Still 3?  

That’s the magic of mathematics, and it’s not just a trick. There is a powerful mathematical idea behind it: doing and undoing. 

Unmasking the magic: How does it work?  

Let’s look at another “think of a number” trick. This time see if you can work out what is going on and how we are able to work out your starting number.  

• Think of a number  

• Double it  

• Add 10  

• Half it  

• Subtract 3 

Now remember the answer!    

During our live session, we asked the children to tell us their final answer, and we were then able to tell them what number they started with… magic right?  

Or is it maths?  

Have a go at following the steps above and see what you notice.  

Try another number. Is there a pattern?  

Can you generalise by describing the relationship between the starting number and the final answer?  

In this example the answer is not always the same, unlike in the first trick when the last two steps always led us to 18 divided by 6… which always gave 3, in this example the answer is linked to the starting number you chose.  

Have a go yourself before scrolling down.  

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Did you spot that the final answer is always 2 more than the number you started with?  

So, if you started with 4… the answer you got would be 6, with 5… the answer was 7 etc…  

We could generalise and say if the starting value was n, the answer would always be n+2.  

But why is this?  

Can we look at what the trick asked us to do, and undo the steps to understand how the trick works?  

When working through this with young learners, we used a numerical example to help us work through the steps. You could also use algebra.  

• Think of a number                     6                             – our starting number is 6  

• Double it                                   12 (2×6)                   – doubling this gives 2 x 6  

• Add 10                                      22 (2×6+10)            – adding 10, gives 2 x 6 + 10  

Note we are recording the operations and keeping track of them. If we just write down the answers at each step (6, 12, 22) it will be very difficult to spot what is happening and how the trick works. 

• Half it                                        11 (6+5)                  – halving it means we have 1 x 6 + 5  

This is an important step. We had doubled six and now we are halving that, bringing us back to 6. This is an example of undoing an operation. We are using the inverse operation here. Doubling and halving (or multiplying by 2 and dividing by 2).  

• Subtract 3…                              8  (6+2)                – subtracting 3 we have 6 + 2   

• The answer is….                                                     – our *starting number + 2 

Note: We chose to keep the 6 as it is, because this was our starting number, and take 3 from the 5. This is so that we can generalise later by changing the value of 6.  

To generalise we could use a box, or a letter to represent the starting number.  

This might look like this:  

• Think of a number                     n 

• Double it                                   2n  

• Add 10                                      2n + 10   

• Half it                                        n + 5   

• Subtract 3…                            n + 2   

• Answer is                                 *starting number + 2  

You could go back to the first maths trick and see if you can show why that always gives an answer of 3.  

Doing and Undoing: The Maths Behind the Magic 

In our Magic Maths session, children followed a sequence of operations (like adding, multiplying, subtracting), and then we either: 

• Guessed their final answer (because it was always the same, no matter the starting number), or  

• Revealed their starting number based on their final answer. 

This process mirrors the mathematical idea of inverse operations: undoing what’s been done.  

Exploring inverses is a powerful way to help learners understand how operations relate to each other. Doing and Undoing is a broader concept, which includes inverses, that features prominently in our OU mathematics education modules.  

In ME322 (Learning and Doing Algebra) we say: In many aspects of algebra, there is a way of working forwards and working backwards; this can be thought of as doing and undoing. The doing part might be forming an equation to represent a scenario or plotting points to create a graph. Undoing is the reverse, where we try to find the way back to the starting information from the equation or graph. Sometimes this involves using inverse operations, and other times it might involve recognising a property of an algebraic object in order to work backwards. Undoing a problem often requires more creativity and insight than simply doing it. 

Generalising: Make Your Own THOAN Trick 

In our session, we encouraged pupils to create their own “Think of a Number” tricks using the idea of doing and undoing. This is where the concept of generalising comes in. 

Generalising means spotting patterns and expressing them in a way that works for any numbers, not just the ones you try out. It’s a key part of mathematical thinking, and it’s something we explore in depth in our OU modules. 

We didn’t use formal algebra with the children, but we did show that these tricks work no matter what number you start with. For example, if every time you do a trick you end up with “your number + 2,” you can start to describe that pattern more generally, maybe even write it as n + 2. 

Creating your own THOAN trick is a brilliant way to explore this idea. Here are some tips we gave the pupils: 

• Use at least 5 steps  

• Space out inverse operations (don’t immediately undo what you just did)  

• Keep the trick mysterious (don’t reveal how it works!) 

• Try it with different numbers (does it always work?) 

• Can you explain why? 

Explore these ideas further:  

If you’re studying one of our Open University Mathematics Education modules, you’ll recognise these ideas. If you’re not yet part of the OU community but this sounds exciting, here’s where you can learn more: 

• ME321 Learning and Doing Geometry

This module examines how people learn geometry and the nature of geometric thinking.  

• ME620 Mathematical Thinking in Schools.

This module will develop your knowledge and understanding of teaching primary and secondary school mathematics, emphasising the lower secondary school curriculum, and broaden your ideas about how people learn and use mathematics. 

• ME322 Learning and Doing Algebra.

This module examines the nature of algebra and how children learn. It develops your awareness of choosing and using symbols and your ability to express general mathematical statements. 

ME322 Learning and Doing Algebra

These modules are designed for anyone interested in mathematics education, whether you’re a teacher, student, or just someone who loves numbers and wants to understand how we learn to think mathematically. 

Final thoughts 

Magic Maths was a joyful reminder that mathematics can be playful, surprising, and deeply engaging. Whether you’re a primary school pupil or a university student, the thrill of discovering a pattern, or creating your own, is a powerful experience. 

So next time you hear “Think of a number…”, don’t just follow the steps. Ask why it works. Then try making your own. Happy magic making!  

If you enjoyed reading this BLOG, see our previous post on The benefits of studying mathematics in two languages (Cymraeg / Welsh and English) 

Mathemateg Hud: Darllen Meddyliau, Triciau Rhif, a Meddwl Mathemategol

Charlotte Lighter a Kellee Patterson
Y Brifysgol Agored yn Wythnos Mathemateg Cymru 2025

Beth gewch chi pan fyddwch chi’n cymysgu triciau rhif, meddyliau chwilfrydig, a mymryn o hud mathemategol? Ystafell yn llawn disgyblion ysgol gynradd cyffrous!

Fel rhan o Wythnos Mathemateg Cymru 2025, fe wnaethom gynnal sesiwn ymgysylltu cyhoeddus ar gyfer plant cynradd ledled Cymru, o’r enw Mathemateg Hud. Nod ein sesiwn oedd tanio chwilfrydedd a meddwl mathemategol mewn dysgwyr ifanc. Roedd y sesiwn yn llawn triciau “meddyliwch am rif” (THOAN yn Saesneg) – y posau clasurol hynny lle rydych chi’n dilyn cyfres o gamau ac yn gorffen gyda chanlyniad annisgwyl.

Y tu ôl i’r hud roedd rhywfaint o feddwl mathemategol difrifol, o syniadau a archwiliwyd yn ein modiwlau Addysg Fathemateg Prifysgol Agored ein hunain.

Eich tro chi! Tric Rhif Hudolus

Gadewch i ni ddechrau gydag ychydig o hud ein hunain. Rhowch gynnig ar hyn:

1. Meddyliwch am rif rhwng 1 a 9
2. Sgwariwch ef (lluoswch ef ag ef ei hun)
3. Adiwch y rhif y gwnaethoch chi feddwl amdano gyntaf
4. Rhannwch â’ch rhif gwreiddiol
5. Adiwch 17
6. Tynnwch eich rhif gwreiddiol
7. Rhannwch â 6

Rydym am ddefnyddio tric darllen meddwl hudolus i ddyfalu eich ateb!

Rhowch gynnig arni cyn sgrolio i lawr … (Dim sbecian!)

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Eich ateb yw… 3!

Wnaeth y tric weithio? Rhowch gynnig arni gyda rhif gwahanol.

Dal yn 3?

Dyna hud mathemateg, ac nid dim ond tric yw hwn. Mae syniad mathemategol pwerus y tu ôl iddo: gwneud a dadwneud.

Datgelu’r hud: Sut mae’n gweithio?

Gadewch i ni edrych ar dric “meddyliwch am rif” arall. Y tro hwn, beth am weld a allwch chi weithio allan beth sy’n digwydd a sut allwn ni weithio allan eich rhif cychwynnol.

• Meddyliwch am rif
• Dyblwch ef
• Adiwch 10
• Hanerwch ef
• Tynnwch 3

Nawr cofiwch yr ateb!

Yn ystod ein sesiwn fyw, gofynnwyd i’r plant ddweud wrthym eu hateb terfynol, ac yna roedden ni’n gallu dweud wrthyn nhw pa rif y gwnaethon nhw ddechrau ag ef… hud, ie?

Neu fathemateg?

Rhowch gynnig ar ddilyn y camau uchod a gweld beth rydych chi’n sylwi arno.

Rhowch gynnig ar rif arall. Oes patrwm?

Allwch chi gyffredinoli trwy ddisgrifio’r berthynas rhwng y rhif cychwynnol a’r ateb terfynol?

Yn yr enghraifft hon, nid yw’r ateb bob amser yr un peth, yn wahanol i’r tric cyntaf pan oedd y ddau gam olaf bob amser yn ein harwain at 18 wedi’i rannu â 6… a oedd bob amser yn rhoi 3. Yn yr enghraifft hon mae’r ateb wedi’i gysylltu â’r rhif cychwynnol y gwnaethoch ei ddewis.

Rhowch gynnig arni eich hun cyn sgrolio i lawr.

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A wnaethoch chi sylwi bod yr ateb terfynol bob amser yn 2 yn fwy na’r rhif y gwnaethoch chi ddechrau gydag ef?

Felly, os gwnaethoch chi ddechrau gyda 4… eich ateb fyddai 6, gyda 5… yr ateb oedd 7 ac ati…

Gallem gyffredinoli a dweud pe bai’r gwerth cychwynnol yn n, byddai’r ateb bob amser yn n+2.

Ond pam hyn?

A allwn ni edrych ar beth y gofynnodd y tric i ni ei wneud, a dadwneud y camau i ddeall sut mae’r tric yn gweithio?

Wrth weithio trwy hyn gyda dysgwyr ifanc, fe wnaethon ni ddefnyddio enghraifft rifiadol i’n helpu i weithio trwy’r camau. Mi allech chi hefyd ddefnyddio algebra.

• Meddyliwch am rif                  6                             –  ein rhif cychwynnol yw 6

• Dyblwch ef                                12 (2×6)                   – mae dyblu hyn yn rhoi 2 x 6

• Adiwch 10                                  22 (2×6+10)            – mae adio 10 yn rhoi 2 x 6 + 10

Nodwch ein bod yn cofnodi’r gweithrediadau ac yn cadw golwg arnynt. Os ysgrifennwn yr atebion i lawr ym mhob cam (6, 12, 22), bydd yn anodd iawn gweld beth sy’n digwydd a sut mae’r tric yn gweithio.

• Hanerwch ef                                    11 (6+5)                  – drwy ei haneru mae gennym 1 x 6 + 5

Mae hwn yn gam pwysig. Roedden ni wedi dyblu chwech a nawr rydym yn haneru hynny, gan ddod â ni’n ôl i 6. Dyma enghraifft o ddadwneud gweithrediad. Rydym yn defnyddio’r gweithrediad gwrthdro yma. Dyblu a haneru (neu luosi â 2 a rhannu â 2).

• Tynnwch 3…                              8  (6+2)                – drwy dynnu 3 mae gennym 6 + 2
• Yr ateb yw ….                                                         – ein *rhif cychwynnol + 2

Nodyn: Fe wnaethom gadw’r 6 fel y mae, oherwydd dyma oedd ein rhif cychwynnol, a chymryd 3 o’r 5. Mae hyn er mwyn i ni allu cyffredinoli yn ddiweddarach trwy newid gwerth 6.

I gyffredinoli mi allem ddefnyddio blwch, neu lythyren i gynrychioli’r rhif cychwynnol.

Gallai hyn edrych fel hyn:

• Meddyliwch am rif                  n

• Dyblwch ef                              2n

• Adiwch 10                              2n + 10

• Hanerwch ef                        n + 5

• Tynnwch 3…                            n + 2

• Yr ateb yw                             *rhif cychwynnol + 2

Gallech chi fynd yn ôl at y tric mathemateg cyntaf a gweld a allwch chi ddangos pam mae hynny bob amser yn rhoi ateb o 3.

Gwneud a Dadwneud: Y Fathemateg y tu ôl i’r Hud

Yn ein sesiwn Mathemateg Hud, dilynodd y plant ddilyniant o weithrediadau (fel adio, lluosi, tynnu), ac yna fe wnaethon ni naill ai:

• Ddyfalu eu hateb terfynol (oherwydd ei fod bob amser yr un fath, ni waeth beth oedd y rhif cychwynnol), neu
• Ddatgelu eu rhif cychwynnol yn seiliedig ar eu hateb terfynol.

Mae’r broses hon yn adlewyrchu’r syniad mathemategol o weithrediadau gwrthdro: dadwneud yr hyn sydd wedi’i wneud.

Mae archwilio elfennau gwrthdro yn ffordd bwerus o helpu dysgwyr i ddeall sut mae gweithrediadau’n ymwneud â’i gilydd. Mae Gwneud a Dadwneud yn gysyniad ehangach, sy’n cynnwys elfennau gwrthdro, sy’n ymddangos yn gyson yn ein modiwlau addysg fathemateg Prifysgol Agored.

Yn ME322 (Dysgu a Gwneud Algebra) rydym yn dweud: Mewn sawl agwedd ar algebra, mae ffordd o weithio ymlaen a gweithio yn ôl; mae modd meddwl am hyn fel gwneud a dadwneud. Gallai’r rhan gwneud olygu ffurfio hafaliad i gynrychioli senario neu blotio pwyntiau i greu graff. Dadwneud yw’r gwrthwyneb, lle rydym yn ceisio dod o hyd i’r ffordd yn ôl i’r wybodaeth gychwynnol o’r hafaliad neu’r graff. Weithiau mae hyn yn cynnwys defnyddio gweithrediadau gwrthdro, ac ar adegau eraill gallai olygu adnabod priodwedd gwrthrych algebraidd er mwyn gweithio yn ôl. Yn aml, mae dadwneud problem yn gofyn am fwy o greadigrwydd a mewnwelediad na dim ond ei gwneud.

Cyffredinoli: Gwnewch Eich Tric “Meddyliwch am Rif” Eich Hun

Yn ein sesiwn, fe wnaethom annog disgyblion i greu eu triciau “Meddyliwch am Rif” eu hunain gan ddefnyddio’r syniad o wneud a dadwneud. Dyma lle mae’r cysyniad o gyffredinoli yn codi.

Mae cyffredinoli yn golygu gweld patrymau a’u mynegi mewn ffordd sy’n gweithio ar gyfer unrhyw rifau, nid dim ond y rhai rydych chi’n rhoi cynnig arnynt. Mae’n rhan allweddol o feddwl mathemategol, ac mae’n rhywbeth rydyn ni’n ei archwilio’n fanwl yn ein modiwlau Prifysgol Agored.

Ni wnaethom ddefnyddio algebra ffurfiol gyda’r plant, ond fe wnaethom ddangos bod y triciau hyn yn gweithio ni waeth pa rif rydych chi’n dechrau ag ef. Er enghraifft, os byddwch chi’n gorffen gydag “eich rhif + 2” bob tro y byddwch chi’n gwneud tric, gallwch chi ddechrau disgrifio’r patrwm hwnnw’n fwy cyffredinol, efallai hyd yn oed ei ysgrifennu fel n + 2.

Mae creu eich tric “Meddyliwch am Rif” eich hun yn ffordd wych o archwilio’r syniad hwn. Dyma rai awgrymiadau y gwnaethom eu rhoi i’r disgyblion:

• Defnyddiwch o leiaf 5 cam
• Gosodwch fylchau rhwng gweithrediadau gwrthdro (peidiwch â dadwneud beth a wnaethoch ar unwaith)
• Cadwch y tric yn ddirgel (peidiwch â datgelu sut mae’n gweithio!)
• Rhowch gynnig arni gyda rhifau gwahanol (a yw bob amser yn gweithio?)
• Allwch chi esbonio pam?

Archwiliwch y syniadau hyn ymhellach:

Os ydych chi’n astudio un o fodiwlau Addysg Fathemateg y Brifysgol Agored, byddwch chi’n adnabod y syniadau hyn. Os nad ydych chi’n rhan o gymuned y Brifysgol Agored eto ond bod hyn yn swnio’n gyffrous, dyma lle gallwch chi ddysgu mwy:

• ME321 Dysgu a Gwneud Geometreg

Mae’r modiwl hwn yn archwilio sut mae pobl yn dysgu geometreg a natur meddwl geometrig.

• ME620 Meddwl Mathemategol mewn Ysgolion

Bydd y modiwl hwn yn datblygu eich gwybodaeth a’ch dealltwriaeth o addysgu mathemateg mewn ysgolion cynradd ac uwchradd, gan bwysleisio cwricwlwm yr ysgol uwchradd iau, ac yn ehangu eich syniadau am sut mae pobl yn dysgu ac yn defnyddio mathemateg.

• ME322 Dysgu a Gwneud Algebra

Mae’r modiwl hwn yn archwilio natur algebra a sut mae plant yn dysgu. Mae’n datblygu eich ymwybyddiaeth o ddewis a defnyddio symbolau a’ch gallu i fynegi datganiadau mathemategol cyffredinol.

ME322 Learning and Doing Algebra

Mae’r modiwlau hyn wedi’u cynllunio ar gyfer unrhyw un sydd â diddordeb mewn addysg fathemateg, boed yn athro, myfyriwr, neu ddim ond rhywun sy’n caru rhifau ac eisiau deall sut rydym yn dysgu meddwl yn fathemategol.

Meddyliau terfynol

Roedd Mathemateg Hud yn atgof llawen y gall mathemateg fod yn chwareus, yn syndod, ac yn ddiddorol iawn. P’un a ydych yn ddisgybl ysgol gynradd neu’n fyfyriwr prifysgol, mae’r wefr o ddarganfod patrwm, neu greu eich patrwm eich hun, yn brofiad pwerus.

Felly’r tro nesaf y byddwch chi’n clywed “Meddyliwch am rif…”, peidiwch â dilyn y camau yn unig. Gofynnwch pam mae’n gweithio. Yna rhowch gynnig ar wneud un eich hun. Mwynhewch y profiad o greu hud!

Os gwnaethoch chi fwynhau darllen y BLOG yma, edrychwch ar ein post blaenorol ar Fanteision astudio mathemateg mewn dwy iaith (Cymraeg / Cymraeg a Saesneg)

LGBTQ+ History Month Open University, Source:

Each February, LGBTQ+ History Month invites us to celebrate LGBTQ+ culture, achievements, and activism. This year’s theme is Science and Innovation, encouraging us to reflect on how data, research, and critical enquiry help drive positive social change. Mathematics is central to that mission: it sharpens our reasoning, challenges assumptions, and equips us to analyse inequalities that shape people’s lives.  

You can read about the origins of LGBTQ+ history month here: LGBT+ History Month 2026 | Stonewall UK. 

LGBT+ History Month 2026 logo, Schools OUT UK.
Source: https://lgbtplushistorymonth.co.uk/lgbt-history-month-2026/

LGBTQ+ Mathematicians  

For students and colleagues in mathematics, this month is also a chance to highlight LGBTQ+ mathematicians whose work and advocacy continue to transform STEM. Here, we spotlight four figures whose contributions illuminate not only mathematical innovation, but also the importance of visibility, justice, and community. 

Alan Turing (1912–1954) 

Alan Turing (1951). Photograph by Elliott & Fry. Public domain. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Alan Turing’s influence on modern science is hard to overstate. A founder of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence, his wartime work on codebreaking significantly shaped the course of the Second World War. Yet despite these achievements, Turing was persecuted by the British state for his sexuality, a stark reminder that scientific brilliance flourishes best in conditions of dignity and inclusion. Today, Turing remains both an icon of mathematical innovation and a symbol of the ongoing work needed to ensure LGBTQ+ individuals can live and work openly and safely.  

You can listen to some audio recordings about Alan Turing on Open Learn, here: Alan Turing: Life and legacy | OpenLearn – Open University 

Autumn Kent  

Autumn Kent. Source: https://500queerscientists.com/autumn-kent/

Autumn Kent is a topologist whose research explores geometry, topology, and moduli of Riemann surfaces. She has published extensively and received several major awards, including a Simons Fellowship. Kent is also a pansexual trans woman and a prominent advocate for LGBTQ+ inclusion in mathematics, organising the LG&TBQ+ conference to support collaboration between LGBTQ+ mathematicians working in geometry and topology. Her work exemplifies how mathematical creativity and community activism can reinforce each other.  

The most recent LG&TBQ+ conference (LG&TBQ2) was held in 2025: LG&TBQ2: geometry, topology, and dynamics | Fields Institute for Research in Mathematical Sciences 

Ron Buckmire  

Ron Buckmire at the 2013 Joint Mathematics Meeting. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ron_Buckmire_at_2013_Joint_Mathematics_meeting.jpg

Ron Buckmire is an applied mathematician whose work spans numerical analysis, mathematical modelling, and mathematics education. Beyond his research, he has played a major role in LGBTQ+ advocacy within STEM. Buckmire was a founding member of Spectra, the association for LGBTQ+ mathematicians, and has long championed greater visibility and representation for historically excluded groups. His activism and academic leadership make him a central figure in contemporary LGBTQ+ mathematical communities.  

More information about the LGBTQ+ association Spectra can be found here: What we do – Spectra 

Marina Logares  

Marina Logares. Source: https://lgbtqstem.com/2020/07/10/an-interview-with-marina-logares/

Marina Logares is an algebraic geometer whose work contributes to our understanding of complex algebraic structures. She is listed among confirmed LGBTQ+ mathematicians and is recognised for her visibility as a lesbian mathematician. Her presence in the field highlights the importance of representation and the work still to be done to ensure all mathematicians feel seen and supported in their academic environments.  

You can read an interview with Marina, here: An interview with Marina Logares – LGBTQ+ STEM 

We have picked out four examples of LGBT+ mathematicians for this blog, but there are many more inspiring mathematicians and statisticians, including those posted on the 500 Queer Scientists campaign, here. This visibility campaign which publishes self-submitted bios and stories intended to boost the recognition and awareness of queer scientists, including our own Senior Lecturer in Analysis: Tacey O’Neil. If you are LGBTQIA+ and work in STEM, STEM advocacy, STEM education (or any other supporting field), you can add your voice and story to 500 Queer Scientists. 

OU academic Tacey O’Neil

Why Mathematics Belongs at the Heart of LGBT+ History Month 

Rainbow Pi symbol.
Source: https://pixabay.com/vectors/pi-math-geometry-science-numbers-5786042/

Mathematics is often seen as abstract or detached from society, but in reality, it offers powerful tools for understanding and improving our world. Mathematical thinking helps us: 

• Analyse inequalities through statistical evidence and modelling; 

• Challenge assumptions by examining patterns and structures critically; 

• Support inclusive policies through data driven decision making; 

• Innovate responsibly, ensuring technologies reflect fairness and equity. 

This year’s theme Science and Innovation, reminds us that progress depends not only on technological advances but also on the people behind them. When LGBTQ+ mathematicians can contribute openly and authentically, the entire discipline grows richer. 

LGBT+ History Month is a moment to learn from the past, recognise present contributions, and work towards a future where all students and researchers feel welcomed and valued in mathematics. 

Sources of further information and support

The LGBTQ Hub hosts a collection of free resources exploring sexuality and LGBTQ+ history across the core faculty areas within The Open University: LGBTQ Hub | OpenLearn – Open University

For OU students, you can find Open University Library resources here: LGBTQ+ | Library Services | Open University 

You can find out about the Queer, Equality and Diversity (QED) Network for Maths, here: QEDNetwork 

This post is written by Cathy Smith from the Open University. 

I started December with a new and intriguing mathematics puzzle from the excellent UK Mathematics Trust (https://ukmt.org.uk), who have been a source of consistently excellent maths problems since I started as a maths teacher. This problem was presented to a group of maths teachers and researchers with the aim of understanding what problems we want, and can reasonably be expect, 11–16-year-olds to solve.

Our group discussed:

• what are the problem solving skills secondary school student should learn?
• What contexts should they learn and use them in?
• How difficult should those problems be?
• How familiar/unfamiliar? And how many solution steps or connections are needed?

This framework of questions reminded me of work done by the Nuffield foundation fifteen years ago, analysing the difficulty of the mathematics used in science A levels (SCORE, 2012). It highlights that much mathematics is not done in the maths classroom but is used to solve problems in other subjects.  The 2025 event,  where this discussion happened, was run by Maths Horizons who are consulting widely while they develop a map of mathematical problems and associated resources that they hope will inform and support the future curriculum, classroom practice and assessment design. You can find more about them here: https://www.mathshorizons.uk/.

Here is the problem.  You might like to read it and notice your initial reactions.

I noticed several things and, because I am used to teaching on the Open University mathematics education modules, I have the habit of labelling some of these ‘noticings’ with the names of relevant module ideas.

Perceptual and discursive reasoning (PDR)

This is a module idea from Learning and Doing Geometry.  In this problem, my attention was first drawn to the shapes P, Q and R. I recognised what kind of objects were involved by using my senses – what we call perceptual noticing – and that each was made of five identical triangles. I was not yet reasoning, but I had an intuition that my reasoning would involve comparing these similar-but-different shapes.  On the other hand, my mathematical habits reminded me I must read the description in words – because it is usually discursive reasoning, using words, symbols and diagrams, that is characteristic of school maths. It took me a while to feel sure that the technical language used did not give me any extra background information than my perception had shown me.

Freedom and constraint

This module idea appears in both Learning and Doing Algebra and L&D Geometry.  I know I need to find perimeters – a constraint on the problem – but I don’t know any lengths. This is the kind of freedom that stops many learners in their tracks.  They cannot calculate so what can they do next? If they try to think, will it be a disappointing waste of effort? The mathematical resilience experts Clare Lee and Sue Johnston-Wilder suggest teachers need to be explicit about discussing the emotional side of mathematical problem solving  (Lee & Wilder-Johnston, 2017). Students develop resilience by remembering experiences of trying a non-routine strategy that was successful.

You might like to stop here and work on the problem yourself here before reading on.

My experiences reminded me that this is exactly why algebra was invented! In Learning and Doing Algebra we discuss Radford’s description of algebraic thinking (Radford, 2014) as characterised by indeterminacy, denotation and analyticity. This problem involves quantities – the triangle’s side lengths – whose values are unknown (indeterminate). On the diagrams below you can see the notation I used to represent (denote) those quantities: s for the length of a short side and L for a long side. I could then reason analytically – first of all, recognising and writing that the perimeter was the sum of the exterior lengths and then combining like terms to get a concise symbolic expression.

I noticed another freedom in that I did not know who might be tackling this problem.  We have lengths and right-angled triangles, but could I assume the students would know Pythagoras’s  theorem and be wiling to use it in a non-routine way? I decided to give myself a constraint and try and reason keeping the two variables separate.

Combining Perceptual and Discursive Reasoning

My problem has now involved me in managing unknown lengths and I have combined perceptual knowledge (the perimeter is the sum of exterior segments) with discursive knowledge (forming three similar symbolic expressions even when I don’t know their value).  I decided to annotate my diagram to show my perceptual and discursive reasoning (in brown).

In this next figure, I had organised the symbolic expressions and compared them.  I could expand my notes to claim: P must have a greater perimeter than R because P’s expression is 2s more than R’s  (and s is positive).  I expected that all my reasoning would now be discursive, similarly based on symbols.

I don’t want to spoil your enjoyment of the problem, as there are many ways to make the remaining two comparisons. What I noticed was that I could indeed decide the ascending order by using two useful facts about the side lengths and diagonal lengths of squares. This wasn’t discursive knowledge from words and symbols but sensory, spatial knowledge of comparing journeys round a square. I didn’t use the more complicated algebraic technique of reducing the expressions to one variable (e.g. by writing L = √2 s) but I did combine perceptual and discursive knowledge into one strand of reasoning to get a convincing answer.

The Royal Society’s Early years and Primary Expert panel has recently reviewed evidence on the value of spatial reasoning. They report that “teaching children to think and work spatially results in substantially improved mathematics performance” (RS ACME, 2024, p1). For this problem, I wondered whether the depth of problem solving involved in combining spatial and algebraic reasoning was perhaps of more lasting value to most students – and perhaps more authentic to their lives after school – than a purely algebraic approach.  The problem appears in the 2020 UKMT Intermediate challenge, which is designed for students up to age 16 so some will have used Pythagoras’ Theorem and others will not. I would be fascinated to know which approaches the students used.

Lee, C., & Wilder-Johnston, S. (2017). The Construct of Mathematical Resilience. In U. Xolocotzin (Ed.), Understanding Emotions in Mathematical Thinking and Learning (pp. 269–291).

Radford, L. (2014). The Progressive Development of Early Embodied Algebraic Thinking. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 26(2), 257–277.

RS ACME (2014) RS ACME Primary and early years expert panel perspective: Spatial reasoning. Available at: https://www.royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/mathematics-education/expert-panel-perspective-spatial-reasoning.pdf

SCORE. (2012). Mathematics within A level Science 2010 Examinations. SCORE (Science Community Representing Education). https://www.stem.org.uk/resources/elibrary/resource/25956/mathematics-within-level-science-2010-examinations#&gid=undefined&pid=1

In this blog we are (re)introducing our fantastic Mathematics Education tutors.

Luke Bacon 

I’ve been teaching with the OU for just over four years across a range of maths and maths education modules.

I studied Pure Maths and then completed my PGCE with the OU, before working in and around schools across London and managing a series of university outreach programmes for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. I spent some time at DfE working on Higher Education policy (ask me about the student finance system!) and have worked with lots of teachers on maths-specific CPD projects, as well as teaching on a specialist STEM PGCE course.

I also work in consulting, helping to make public services (education, healthcare, and others) a little bit better for everyone, and in my ‘spare’ time I write and examine A-level Maths and Further Maths.

Rebecca Rosenberg

Hello. I have been working at the Open University since 2019, mainly on the development of the new Maths Education modules.

Before joining the Open University, I worked as a maths education publisher, and before that I worked as a secondary maths teacher in Suffolk. I’m particularly interested in the way people talk about maths – both inside and outside the classroom; how do we form questions in maths lessons? How is maths discussed in popular culture and media?

In my spare time I knit, sew, cook, garden and binge-watch American high-school tv shows.

Tom Cowan

I have been an Associate Lecturer with the OU since 2008 when I worked on the MEXR624 summer school each year in Bath.  When that ended I was lucky enough to be offered a chance to work on an earlier maths education module. I currently tutor on all the modules which we offer in the Mathematics Education suite of modules at Level 3 (ME620, ME321 and ME322) and also E209 – Developing subject knowledge for the primary years.

I completed my Master’s Degree with the OU in 2010 so remember what it was like to study at a distance and cramming in study whilst juggling other things in life.

My current full time role is a teacher in a 16-18 SEND college working with learners who sometimes find maths challenging and often need alternative ways to see what they need to do. Previous to this I was the Programme Lead of an initial teacher education programme at the University of Plymouth. I supported the education and development of new Primary teachers on the BEd and PGCE – looking after those students with a specialism in mathematics. I have been a teacher and lecturer for over 20 years and love to watch learners suddenly “get it” when they do some mathematics!

I’ve never really left education and have found my next challenge in aiming to complete my Doctorate in Education in 2026! Hopefully I’m well on my way to becoming Dr. Cowan!

When I have some spare time, I enjoy going to the theatre, supporting Liverpool FC and Widnes RLFC and work as an officer with the Boy’s Brigade which keeps me in touch with further voluntary work (I did say spare time right?)

Jeffrey Goodwin

As well as being an Associate Lecturer for ME321, I also tutor on ME620. I first worked as a tutor for the OU in the 1980s on EM235 Developing Mathematical Thinking and returned to my current role of Association Lecturer in September 2014.

I was a classroom teacher for 10 years, working in Secondary and Middle schools. I moved into the advisory service in 1980 as Head of the Hertfordshire Mathematics Centre. I worked in Initial Teacher Training and running CPD courses for teachers; being head of mathematics education at Anglia Polytechnic University. For four years from 1986, I worked for the National Curriculum Council on a curriculum development project: Primary Initiatives in Mathematics Education (PrIME). I have always had an interest in assessment and testing and in 1998 was appointed to establish and lead the Mathematics Test Development Team at the QCA. We developed the end of key stage tests and other optional tests for all three key stages. I was in this role for eight years and then moved to become Head of Research at Edexcel and then Pearson Research and Assessment. In 2010, I became an independent consultant and worked with schools on making changes, particularly engaging with Japanese Lesson Study. For four years I was the Programme Director for the King’s College London MaST course.

I have seen it as important to make a professional contribution to education. This has involved being Secretary of the Mathematical Association, a member of the Royal Society Mathematics Education Committee and Chair of the coordinating committee for Primary Mathematics Year 1988. I have also been chair of governors of a primary school.

I have two main research interests: the role that Lesson Study plays in the profession development of teachers; and, a member of the research team at the UCL Institute of Education looking at The Nature, Prevalence and Effectiveness of Strategies used to Prepare Pupils for Key Stage 2 Mathematics Tests, a project funded by the Nuffield Foundation.

Jim Thorpe

I became a mathematics teacher through the accident of joining Bill Brookes’ PGCE course: suddenly I realised that much mathematical thinking could emerge from humble beginnings, numerical or geometrical, and realised that mathematics could make a major contribution to the intellectual and social development of adolescents if they were encouraged to function as young mathematicians within what John Mason calls a ‘conjecturing atmosphere.’

I have been committed to mathematics education for a long time, in the secondary classroom and then in a variety of ways supporting the work of mathematics teachers. My current occupation is mainly tutoring in mathematics and education, mathematics, and engineering for the Open University.

I am alarmed by much of what I see under the heading of teaching mathematics but remain unrepentant in proposing something richer than the all-too-frequent ‘training’ metaphor of communicating mathematics.

Barbara Allen

My school teaching career started in 1978 in middle schools in Worcestershire where I specialised in mathematics. I developed an interest in girls’ attitudes to mathematics and that became the focus of the dissertation for my MEd. My PhD focuses on Pupils’ Perceptions of Mathematics Classrooms and I found the ways that pupils think they learn most effectively.

In 1994, I moved to the Open University as a Research Fellow and in 2000 I became the Director of the Centre for Mathematics Education. I continued as the Lead Academic for Mathematics Education until my retirement in May 2017.

I have written on a large number of OU modules from Access to Masters Level. For some reason, I always ended up writing the sections on fractions!

I am the co-author of the children’s book series The Spark Files and the writer of the children’s radio series The Mudds starring Bernard Cribbins and Mark Benton. Now available on Audible.

My main hobby has always been music. I play saxophone in two Concert Bands and in a Big Band.

Thabit Al-Murani

Hello, I am Thabit and I am an associate lecturer teaching on the ME322 course.

I have been involved in maths education for 25 years. Over this time, I have been a teacher, head of department, researcher, and more recently I started my own freelance business offering maths education consulting and specialised tutoring. My work has offered me the opportunity to live and work in several countries including the US, Sweden, Australia, Malaysia, and the UK.

I have a DPhil in Mathematics Education and my research interests are variation theory, the teaching and learning of algebra, and SEN mathematics education.

Nick Constantine

Hello everyone, I am Nick Constantine associate lecturer for the Open University, I tutor on ME620, ME321 and ME322.  I also tutor on MU123 and MST124. I have been working with the OU for 9 years but I also used to tutor on the PGCE course from 2000-2002. I have had a very mixed career. My first degree was Astronomy and Astrophysics at Newcastle University, I then joined the Royal Navy as aircrew for a little while. I left way back in 1989 and did several ‘gap’ jobs before retraining as a Mathematics teacher and PE teacher.

My teaching career followed the standard path up to Deputy Head/acting Head but I always attended many mathematics training weekends with the ATM.  I also used to attend the MEI further mathematics conference in Nottingham for a few years. I was a Head of Mathematics in a 13-19 high school in Northumberland from 1998-2004 and enjoyed the process of organising and planning activities that reflected the fundamental philosophy of the OU ME(x) modules.

I also studied for a Master’s in Education from 2000-2002, one of my dissertations was ‘conjecture and proof in the most able’ (ME822), I really enjoyed designing my own research project and had a wonderful class to try some tasks with.  For me, if you can change the language of the mathematics in the classroom from a didactic controlling language to an atmosphere of questioning, conjecturing with learners and investigating relationships then you are really at the top of your game!

I now work part time as a teacher and OU lecturer.  I also work as a running and yoga coach and operate a small business where I organise retreats and workshops for private groups in Europe and in Scotland. Other hobbies are reading, radio 6 music, cooking and doing Maths problems!

October is Black History Month. This year the theme is “Standing Firm in Power and Pride”, honouring the resilience, leadership, and cultural identity of Black communities while marking key anniversaries such as 60 years since the Race Relations Act and the death of Malcolm X.  

Black History Month.

Mathematics and Statistics are often thought of as neutral or objective subjects, but the way we teach, learn, and engage with them is shaped by our experiences, cultures, and opportunities. The act of doing mathematics is a human activity that is universal, shared, and also deeply personal. 

We recognise the limitations of our mathematics and statistics curriculum, which draws on mathematical ideas from across the globe, but is rooted in Eurocentric traditions. As we celebrate Black History Month, it is important to spotlight the extraordinary contributions of Black mathematicians: those individuals whose brilliance and perseverance have shaped not only the field of mathematics but also the course of history. 

One such trailblazer is Katherine Johnson, whose story reminds us that mathematics is not just about numbers, it’s about courage, precision, and breaking barriers. 

Katherine Johnson: The Mathematician Who Sent Us to the Moon 

Katherine Johnson working at NASA in 1966.

 (Photo credit: NASA)  

Katherine Johnson (1918–2020) was a pioneering NASA mathematician whose calculations were critical to the success of major space missions. She performed trajectory analysis for Alan Shepard’s 1961 flight, the first American in space, and famously verified the computer-generated calculations for John Glenn’s 1962 orbital flight at Glenn’s personal request. Her work also contributed to the Apollo 11 Moon landing in 1969.  

Johnson’s career spanned over three decades at NASA, where she broke racial and gender barriers in a segregated America. Her story, along with those of Dorothy Vaughan and Mary Jackson, was popularized in the book and film Hidden Figures, bringing long-overdue recognition to the Black women who helped launch the space age.  

Her legacy is not just in the missions she helped succeed, but in the inspiration she provided to generations of students, especially young Black girls, who saw in her a reflection of their own potential. 

Read more about Katherine on Open Learn here: Katherine Johnson: NASA mathematician and much-needed role model | OpenLearn – Open University 

Dr Nira Chamberlain: Modelling the Future of Mathematics 

Professor Nira Chamberlain OBE

(Photo credit: Nira Chamberlain)

While Katherine Johnson’s legacy reminds us of the power of mathematics to break barriers and reach new frontiers, today we continue to see that same brilliance in mathematicians like Dr Nira Chamberlain, a leading figure in British mathematics. 

Dr Chamberlain is an award-winning mathematician known for applying complex mathematical modelling to real-world problems, from predicting the lifetime costs of naval ships to solving industrial challenges across Europe and Africa. He holds a PhD in mathematical modelling and was named one of the UK’s top scientists by the Science Council. In 2020, he became President of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications. Beyond his technical achievements, Dr Chamberlain is a passionate advocate for diversity in STEM, regularly speaking to young people about the power of mathematics and the importance of representation. 

Read more about Nira’s work here: Professor Nira Chamberlain OBE CMATH FIMA CSc – Professional Mathematician

A legacy of Black excellence in mathematics  

While Katherine Johnson and Dr Nira Chamberlain offer powerful examples of Black excellence in mathematics from the past and present, they are part of a much wider legacy. From Benjamin Banneker, who predicted solar eclipses in the 18th century, to David Blackwell, a pioneer in statistics and game theory whose work led to the Rao-Blackwell theorem, Black mathematicians have made profound contributions across centuries and continents. 

In the UK, figures like Francis Williams, a pioneering mathematics scholar in the 18th century who taught mathematics, and Dr Maggie Aderin-Pocock, a space scientist and science communicator who uses mathematical modelling in her work today and inspires young people through outreach and media, show how mathematical thinking continues to shape our understanding of the world. 

This Black History Month, I invite you to explore these stories further. Whether you are an educator, student, or simply curious, take time to discover the lives and legacies of Black mathematicians whose work deserves to be known, celebrated, and taught. 

An excellent place to start at would be The Open University Black STEM hub: created by and for Black STEM students  as a dedicated space by and for  Black STEM students. You can find out more about the students and staff involved here: Black STEM Hub | Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics

OU Black STEM hub

Resources and further reading  

• BHM Open Learn resources: Black History Month | OpenLearn – Open University
• Open University library resources: Black History | Library Services | Open University
• The OU Race and ethnicity hub resources: Race and Ethnicity Hub | OpenLearn – Open University

Race and Ethnicity Hub

The Level 3 mathematics education modules at the Open University develop certain ideas (module ideas and frameworks) that can help us notice, structure and reflect on mathematical thinking. I’ll be using some of these to analyse my work on a puzzle from the Maths and Stats (M&S) student newsletter, Open Interval.

The joy in mathematics is in the doing, so do have a go yourself first!

FIGURE 1: The puzzle

I am particularly interested in the use of diagrams, so rather than jump into using numbers or x’s and y’s, I started with a ‘bar model’.

FIGURE 2: Coconuts as bars. Bounty?

While the bars were intended to be conceptual, the last two stages suggested a numerical solution: that they found 4 coconuts in the morning. I worked backwards from the 4 but it led to there being 11.5 coconuts at stage 2 ☹

FIGURE 3: Problem with fractions!

I’ll take a pause from sharing my mathematical work, and introduce one of our frameworks, Do – Talk – Record, covered in ME620 Mathematical Thinking in Schools.

FIGURE 4: DO TALK RECORD summary

While Do – Talk – Record (DTR) is presented sequentially, things aren’t that clear cut! The very act of doing with pencil and paper involves writing (recording) and the talking can be silent talking to myself or thinking aloud. Indeed, some of the writing in my work is my internal talk being made explicit. As doing, talking and recording are inextricably intertwined, the framework is meant to focus on the emphasis or intent at a particular stage, rather than divide activity up into separate boxes of Do, Talk, or Record.

FIGURE 5: Some later stages of recording

Indeed, having worked with it before, the DTR framework now prompts me to take stock when working on a problem, making explicit any emerging ideas.

There is another module idea that has an overlapping cyclical approach, Manipulate – Get a sense of – Articulate (MGA) covered in ME620 and in ME322 Learning and Doing Algebra. I manipulate my various representations of the number of coconuts at each stage, to get a sense of the mathematical relationships involved, which then helps me articulate better representations, which now become available for a further round of MGA.

The 11.5 coconuts (Figure 3) made me realise the puzzle may not be as easy I had initially thought. As fractional coconuts didn’t seem in the spirit of the puzzle, I would need to ensure that the numbers at each stage were positive integers. Such problems have a particular name, Diophantine problems, and can be notoriously difficult. So I decided some algebraic stock-taking may be helpful to ground further numerical work (trial and improvement?).

An early formal observation was that at each stage there would be 3k+1 coconuts for some positive integer k. Furthermore, other than the first stage, each subsequent stage would also need to have an even number of coconuts, 2k, the leftover once one share and one coconut (k+1) had been taken from the 3k+1.

Working backwards from a ‘final’ possibility such as 4 or 10 seemed less daunting than proceeding with solving recursive equations of the form N_2 = 2/3 (N_1 – 1) 🤪

FIGURE 6: Working backwards from 4, 7, 10, …

I had my first solution! I was convinced 79 was the smallest possible solution, so I was done. But that seemed quite unsatisfying. What more could I say or do? This leads me to Noticing Structure (in ME322), the final module idea I would like to share here. Join one of our modules to explore others! 😊

Ignoring the monkey’s singleton share, I need numbers that are continually divisible by 3; why have I not noticed that powers of 3 could be helpful?!

FIGURE 7: What happens with powers of three?

Looking more closely at the one successful sequence I had, and the unsuccessful ones(!), when working backwards, they all ended with a number that was 2 less than a power of three!!! Indeed, if I added in the ‘missing’ 2s, my sequences would start with a power of 3 and then go down to two-thirds at each stage.

FIGURE 8: Pattern spotting or noticing structure?

This structure, of powers of three, and that two-thirds would always then be an even number, aligned with the properties I had observed earlier (Figure 5). The offset of 2 wasn’t quite clear to me, though I knew some offset from 3^k was needed to ensure the monkey’s share. This reminded me of the ‘Sharing 17 camels’ problem, and one idea could be to add two poison fruit to the pile of coconuts (which help with the division but remain unclaimed throughout). I had now (noticed) enough structure to use numerical, symbolic and even diagrammatic representations that would yield general solutions.

FIGURE 9: Testing numerical and diagrammatic conjectures

How can we be sure that these patterns will always work? I will leave that with you to explore!

As a final takeaway message, the ME322 materials say, “Choosing particular representations can help with noticing structure”. Something for me to bear in mind when trying to crack future puzzles!